Table of Contents
10. Wildlife
10.1 Risks and Hazards
10.2 Responsibilities (Due Diligence) Regarding Wildlife
10.3 Bears
10.3.1 Precautions and Preventions
10.3.2 Types of Bears
10.3.3 Bear Habitats and Signs
10.3.4 Tips for Project or Camp Site Locations
10.3.5 Food Handling and Waste Managemen
10.3.5.1 Guidelines for Food Handling and Storage
10.3.5.2 Guidelines for Waste Management
10.3.6 Bear Warning Systems for Camps
10.3.7 Bear Response Plans
10.3.8 Bear Behaviour
10.3.8.1 Bear Behaviour Recognizing Signs of Stress
10.3.8.2 Defensive and Non-defensive Bear Behaviour
10.3.9 Bear Deterrents
10.3.9.1 Noise Makers
10.3.9.2 Bear Pepper Spray
10.3.9.3 Firearms
10.3.9.4 When it is Necessary to Shoot a Bear
10.3.10 Guidelines for Bear Encounters
10.3.10.1 Tips for Avoiding Bear Encounters on Traverses
10.3.10.2 Bear Encounters How You Should React
10.3.10.3 Encounters When Bears React Defensively
10.3.10.4 Encounters When Bears React Non-Defensively
10.4. Other Large Mammals
10.4.1 North and South America
10.4.2 Africa and Asia
10.5 Dogs, Cats and Monkeys
10.6 Reptiles
10.6.1 Snakes
10.6.1.1 Prevention and Preparation to Avoid Snakebite
10.6.1.2 Treatment of Snakebite
10.6.1.3 Australian Pressure-Immobilization Technique for Snakebite
10.6.2 Crocodiles and Alligators
10.7 Insects, Arthropods and Leeches
10.7.1 Mosquitoes and Flies
10.7.2 Bees, Wasps and Ants
10.7.2.1 Allergic Reactions and Anaphylactic Shock
10.7.3 Ticks
10.7.4 Fleas
10.7.5 Bed Bugs
10.7.6 Triatoma Bugs
10.7.7 Scorpions
10.7.8 Spiders
10.7.9 Leeches
10.8 Resources
Introduction
Wildlife may present a danger to field employees ranging from nuisance level to life-threatening. Depending on the location, the major risks may be large mammals, reptiles or insects and include potential attacks, bites or the diseases that result from bites. In addition to safety issues, many animals that may be encountered are endangered species and are protected by legislation. All field employees have a responsibility to avoid disturbing the environment, including animals, as much as possible.